Quarterly Scientific Journal of Audio-Visual Media

Quarterly Scientific Journal of Audio-Visual Media

Identifying Effective Strategies for Regulating Pervasive Audio and Video Media Services in Cyberspace

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
lotfollah Siahkali 1
Seyed Morteza Mosavian 2
Hamed Mollamirzaee 3
1 Ph.D Student in Strategic Cyberspace Management, Faculty of Security, Supreme National Defense University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Communication & Media, IRIB University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of CyberSpace Strategic Management, Faculty of Security, Supreme National Defense University, Tehran, Iran.
10.22085/javm.2025.560088.2409
Abstract
The goal of this research is to identify the most important strategies effective in regulating pervasive audio and video media services in cyberspace. To achieve this goal, the executive strategies of regulatory systems were examined within the framework of imposed approaches, responsive regulation, risk-based, and principles and standards-based. The research was conducted using a mixed method and a combination of qualitative methods (qualitative content analysis) and quantitative methods (model fitting). The statistical population includes 18 experts, private sector platform managers, policymakers, and state-governance managers who were selected based on purposive sampling. In the quantitative section, 134 experts in the field of media and cyberspace were selected based on non-probability sampling. The findings suggest that effective regulatory strategies can be categorized into four main categories: legislative, supervisory, punitive, and facilitating. The legislative strategy, based on evidence-based principles, stakeholder consultation, and a combination of hard and soft regulations, creates flexible and effective regulations. The regulatory strategy monitors and regulates the activity cycle of media services through content auditing, licensing, and age-rating systems. The punitive strategy deals with violators with tools ranging from access restrictions, publication, and fines to license suspension. Finally, the facilitating strategy develops and empowers media actors through supportive and motivating measures.
Keywords
Regulation, Audio and Video, Media Governance, Cyberspace
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4.     Burri, M. (2014). Regulating Code: Good Governance and Better Regulation in the Information Age, by Ian Brown and Christopher T. Marsden. In: Oxford University Press.
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6.     Castells, M. (2013). Communication power. OUP Oxford.
7.     Coutinho, D. R., Kira, B., Lessa, M. R., & de Castro, H. A. (2017). Participatory democracy and law-making in contemporary Brazil. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 5(3), 225-243.
8.     Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of advanced nursing, 62(1), 107-115.
9.     Flueler, T., & Seiler, H. (1999, October). Risk-based regulation: a suitable concept to legislate and regulate technical risks? Evaluation of various case studies in Switzerland. In Risk Analysis: Facing the New Millennium. Proc. SRA-Europe 9th Annual Conference, Rotterdam, Oct (pp. 10-13).‌
10.Flüeler, T., & Seiler, H. (2003). Risk-based regulation of technical risks: lessons learnt from case studies in Switzerland. Journal of Risk Research, 6(3), 213-231.
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12.Furnémont, J. F., & Smokvina, T. K. (2017). European co-regulation practices in the media: Comparative analysis and recommendations with a focus on the situation in Serbia.
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14.Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse education today, 24(2), 105-112.
15.Helm, R. K., & Nasu, H. (2021). Regulatory responses to ‘fake news’ and freedom of expression: Normative and empirical evaluation. Human Rights Law Review, 21(2), 302-328.
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22.Levi-Faur, D. (2013). Regulatory networks and regulatory agencification: Towards a single European regulatory space. In Agency Governance in the EU (pp. 32-51). Routledge.
23.Molfetas-Lygkiaris, A., & Grava, L. N. (2020). Risk-Based Approaches to Business Regulation: A Note for Reformers.
24.Mondal, M. (2019). Regulation of the State Systems: A Conceptual Framework.
25.Nair, S. S., & Prem, S. S. (2020). A framework for mixed-method research. Shanlax International Journal of Management, 8(2), 45-53.
26.Oliveira, R.R. (2014). Dos conceitos de regulação às suas possibilidades. Saude E Sociedade, 23, 1198-1208.
27.Schleifer, P. (2019). Varieties of multi-stakeholder governance: selecting legitimation strategies in transnational sustainability politics. Globalizations, 16(1), 50-66.
28.Selznick, P. (1985). Focusing organizational research on regulation. Regulatory policy and the social sciences, 1(1), 363-367.
29.Shaffer, G., & Pollack, M. A. (2008). How Hard and Soft Law Interact in International Regulatory Governance: Alternatives, Complements and Antagonists.
30.Van Dijck, J., Nieborg, D., & Poell, T. (2019). Reframing platform power. Internet Policy Review, 8(2), 1-18.
31.Van, José, Thomas Poell, and Martijn De Waal. The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford university press, 2018.
32.Weinand, J. (2018). Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.
33. Arnold, D. (2019). Involvement of private and civil society actors in media regulation processes: A comparison of all European Union member states. In Media Accountability in the Era of Post-Truth Politics (pp. 181-195). Routledge.
 
 
 
 
 
Baldwin, R., Cave, M., & Lodge, M. (2010). The Oxford handbook of regulation. Oxford Handbooks Online.
Baldwin, R., & Black, J. (2008). Really responsive regulation. The modern law review, 71(1), 59-94.
1.     Black, J. (2010). The rise, fall and fate of principles-based regulation. In Law reform and financial markets. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2.     Braithwaite, J. (2016). Restorative justice and responsive regulation: The question of evidence. RegNet Research Paper, (2016/51).
3.     Braithwaite, J., Coglianese, C., & Levi-Faur, D. (2007). Can regulation and governance make a difference?. Regul. & Governance, 1, 1.
4.     Burri, M. (2014). Regulating Code: Good Governance and Better Regulation in the Information Age, by Ian Brown and Christopher T. Marsden. In: Oxford University Press.
5.     Cabugueira, M. (2020). Data and artificial intelligence for better and intelligent regulation. UL-P Law Review-Revista de Direito da UL-P, 14(1), 7-7.
6.     Castells, M. (2013). Communication power. OUP Oxford.
7.     Coutinho, D. R., Kira, B., Lessa, M. R., & de Castro, H. A. (2017). Participatory democracy and law-making in contemporary Brazil. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 5(3), 225-243.
8.     Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of advanced nursing, 62(1), 107-115.
9.     Flueler, T., & Seiler, H. (1999, October). Risk-based regulation: a suitable concept to legislate and regulate technical risks? Evaluation of various case studies in Switzerland. In Risk Analysis: Facing the New Millennium. Proc. SRA-Europe 9th Annual Conference, Rotterdam, Oct (pp. 10-13).‌
10.Flüeler, T., & Seiler, H. (2003). Risk-based regulation of technical risks: lessons learnt from case studies in Switzerland. Journal of Risk Research, 6(3), 213-231.
11.Furnémont, J. F., & Smokvina, T. K. (2017). European co-regulation practices in the media: Comparative analysis and recommendations with a focus on the situation in Serbia. Доступно на: https://www. rem. rs/uploads/files/Baners/Evropska, 20.
12.Furnémont, J. F., & Smokvina, T. K. (2017). European co-regulation practices in the media: Comparative analysis and recommendations with a focus on the situation in Serbia.
13.George, A. S. (2025). YouTube as the New Television: The Evolution of Content Consumption in the Digital Age. Partners Universal Innovative Research Publication, 3(3), 1-19.
14.Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse education today, 24(2), 105-112.
15.Helm, R. K., & Nasu, H. (2021). Regulatory responses to ‘fake news’ and freedom of expression: Normative and empirical evaluation. Human Rights Law Review, 21(2), 302-328.
16.Hertog, J.D. (1999). General Theories of Regulation.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper
17.J. Black,(2019). Regulatory Structures. Environmental Sustainability for Engineers and Applied Scientists, pp. 170 – 197
18.Jati, I. M., & Serenade, V. (2024). Netflix's Global Market Entry and Adaptation Strategies Critical Review. Jurnal Informatika Ekonomi Bisnis, 932-936.
19.Koop, C., & Lodge, M. (2017). What is regulation? An interdisciplinary concept analysis. Regulation & Governance, 11(1), 95-108.
20.Latzer, M., Just, N., Saurwein, F., & Slominski, P. (2003). Regulation remixed: institutional change through self and co-regulation in the mediamatics sector. Communications & Strategies, 50(2), 127-157.
21.Latzer, M., Just, N., Saurwein, F., & Slominski, P. (2003). Regulation remixed: institutional change through self and co-regulation in the mediamatics sector. Communications & Strategies, 50(2), 127-157.
22.Levi-Faur, D. (2013). Regulatory networks and regulatory agencification: Towards a single European regulatory space. In Agency Governance in the EU (pp. 32-51). Routledge.
23.Molfetas-Lygkiaris, A., & Grava, L. N. (2020). Risk-Based Approaches to Business Regulation: A Note for Reformers.
24.Mondal, M. (2019). Regulation of the State Systems: A Conceptual Framework.
25.Nair, S. S., & Prem, S. S. (2020). A framework for mixed-method research. Shanlax International Journal of Management, 8(2), 45-53.
26.Oliveira, R.R. (2014). Dos conceitos de regulação às suas possibilidades. Saude E Sociedade, 23, 1198-1208.
27.Schleifer, P. (2019). Varieties of multi-stakeholder governance: selecting legitimation strategies in transnational sustainability politics. Globalizations, 16(1), 50-66.
28.Selznick, P. (1985). Focusing organizational research on regulation. Regulatory policy and the social sciences, 1(1), 363-367.
29.Shaffer, G., & Pollack, M. A. (2008). How Hard and Soft Law Interact in International Regulatory Governance: Alternatives, Complements and Antagonists.
30.Van Dijck, J., Nieborg, D., & Poell, T. (2019). Reframing platform power. Internet Policy Review, 8(2), 1-18.
31.Van, José, Thomas Poell, and Martijn De Waal. The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford university press, 2018.
32.Weinand, J. (2018). Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.
33. Arnold, D. (2019). Involvement of private and civil society actors in media regulation processes: A comparison of all European Union member states. In Media Accountability in the Era of Post-Truth Politics (pp. 181-195). Routledge.